The story of Chinese aircraft carriers is a relatively recent development in the country’s naval history. China’s journey to acquiring and operating aircraft carriers began in the latter half of the 20th century and has continued into the 21st century. In this article, we will offer an overview of its history.
China’s aircraft carrier program reflects its aspirations to build a modern, blue-water navy capable of projecting power and protecting its interests beyond its immediate coastal waters. While the Chinese carriers are not as advanced or numerous as those of some other nations, their development signifies a significant milestone in China’s naval capabilities and has implications for regional security dynamics in the Asia-Pacific region.
What's an Aircraft Carrier and Why Does it Matter for China?
An aircraft carrier is a large warship designed to serve as a mobile airbase for military aircraft. It is a powerful and versatile naval vessel capable of launching, recovering, and maintaining a fleet of military aircraft, primarily fighter jets, and helicopters.
Aircraft carriers are distinguishable by their extensive flight decks, which are long, flat surfaces where aircraft take off and land. They also feature a variety of support systems, such as catapults or ski-jump ramps to assist aircraft in taking off and arresting gear systems to land and stop aircraft upon recovery safely.
Aircraft carriers are vital in modern naval warfare, projecting power and influence across the seas. It’s no surprise, then, that China has long been considered a centerpiece of the nation’s naval fleet.
A Short History of Chinese Aircraft Carriers
As we mentioned above, China’s journey to acquiring and operating aircraft carriers began in the latter half of the 20th century. Explore the milestones, challenges, and implications of China’s foray into carrier-based naval operations, shedding light on the evolving capabilities of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).
Liaoning (Type 001)
China’s first aircraft carrier, Liaoning, has an interesting history. Originally built as the Soviet Navy’s Kuznetsov-class aircraft carrier called Riga, the vessel was sold to Ukraine during the collapse of the Soviet Union. China purchased the unfinished carrier from Ukraine in 1998 and embarked on an extensive refurbishment project. After years of refitting and modifications, Liaoning was commissioned into the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in 2012. It serves as a training platform and a symbol of China’s growing naval capabilities.
Type 001A (Shandong)
China’s first domestically built aircraft carrier, the Type 001A, named Shandong, was launched in 2017 and commissioned in 2019. It is based on the design of Liaoning but incorporates improvements and modifications. Shandong represents China’s progress in developing its indigenous shipbuilding capabilities and signifies the country’s commitment to expanding its naval presence.
Type 002 (Unnamed)
China’s third aircraft carrier, known as Type 002, is currently under construction. It is expected to be larger and more technologically advanced than its predecessors, featuring a flat flight deck with catapult-assisted takeoff capabilities (CATOBAR) instead of the ski-jump ramps used on Liaoning and Type 001A. The inclusion of CATOBAR systems will allow for more efficient operations and the potential use of larger fixed-wing aircraft.
The Chinese Aircraft Carrier Program
The Chinese aircraft carrier program has been a significant focus for the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) in recent years. The program began with the acquisition of the Liaoning, a refurbished Soviet-era carrier commissioned in 2012. China then developed its first domestically built aircraft carrier, the Shandong (see above), commissioned in 2019.
Given the complexity of carrier operations, China’s aircraft carrier program has faced technical and operational challenges. However, the nation has made significant strides in building and operating these vessels, gaining valuable experience and expertise along the way.
While the Chinese carrier program is still evolving, there is ongoing speculation about constructing additional carriers and developing advanced carrier technologies. The international community closely watches China’s carrier program due to its potential implications for regional security and the balance of power in the Asia-Pacific region.
Conclusion: The Future of Chinese Carriers
As China continues to expand its naval capabilities, the future of Chinese aircraft carriers holds significant interest and speculation. With the commissioning of the Liaoning and Type 001A (Shandong), and the ongoing construction of the Type 002 carrier, China’s carrier program is progressing at a steady pace.
The development of indigenous carriers demonstrates China’s commitment to building a modern, blue-water navy capable of projecting power beyond its coastal waters. As China gains experience in operating these complex vessels, it is likely to enhance its carrier strike groups and expand its carrier-based air wing capabilities.
Looking ahead, the future of Chinese carriers may involve advancements in technology, such as the integration of advanced radar systems, stealth capabilities, and the development of next-generation aircraft. Additionally, the incorporation of catapult-assisted takeoff systems on future carriers, as seen in the Type 002, will enable China to operate a wider range of aircraft and enhance the carrier’s operational capabilities.
